Advance English Grammar

 The history of English grammar is a fascinating journey that spans over a millennium, from the early medieval period to the modern era. The evolution of English grammar has been shaped by various factors, including linguistic influences from other languages, social changes, and technological advancements. In this essay, we will explore the key milestones in the development of English grammar, from its origins to the present day. Old English (c. 450-1150 AD) The history of English grammar begins with Old English, which was spoken in England from around the mid-5th century to the mid-12th century. Old English was a highly inflected language, meaning that it used a system of word endings to indicate grammatical relationships. For example, the word "hund" (dog) could be inflected to "hundes" (of the dog) or "hunde" (to the dog). Old English also had a complex system of noun and verb endings, which indicated case, number, and tense. Middle English (c. 1150-150...

 Have and have got (= possess, own, etc.)  We can use have got rather than have alone. So you can Say:  We have a new car.     or  We've got a new car. Nancy has two sisters. or Nancy has got two sisters.  We also use have or have got for illnesses, pains, etc:  I have a headache. or I've got a headache. In questions and negative sentences there are two possible forms:  Do you have any money? l don't have any money.  Have you got any money? I haven't got any money.  Does she have a car? She doesn't have a car.  Has she got a car? She hasn't got a car.  When have means "possess, etc., you cannot use continuous forms (is having / are having, etc.):  I have / I've got a headache. (not Im having)  For the past we use had (without got):  Ann had long blond hair when she was a child.  In past questions and past negative sentences we use did/didn't:  Did they have a car when they were living in...

 A  Study this example situation:  Sarah went to a party last week. Eric went to the Bye! Hello! party, too, but they didn't see each other. Eric left the party at 10:30, and Sarah got there at 11:00. So: When Sarah got to the party, Eric wasn't there.  He had gone home.  Had gone is the past perfect (simple):                                                 (= l'd, etc.)                                                                                      gone  /we/they/you had (= he'd, etc.) seen  he/she/it                                ...

     Unit 12. Present Perfect and Past ( have done and I did)    A  It is often possible to use the present perfect (I have done) or the simple past (I did). For  example, you can say:  I've lost my key. Have you seen it? or I lost my key. Did you see it?  But do not use the present perfect when you talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday / ten minutes ago / in 1985). Use the simple past:  I lost my key yesterday. (not I've lost)  It was very hot last summer. (not has been)  They arrived ten minutes ago. (not have arrived)  "Did you see the news on TV last night?" "No, I went to bed early."  Use the simple past to ask When... ? or What time...?:  What time / When did you finish work yesterday? (not have you finished)  B  Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present (for example, things that hat happened a long time ago):  The Chinese invented printing. (not h...

Unit.  11  For and since, When...?, and How long...? A  We use for and since to say how long something has been happening:  We use for + a period of time (two hours, six weeks, etc.): I've been waiting for two hours.                               for two hours                                      for two hours a week a long time 20 minutes six months ages five days 50 years years We use since + the start of a period (8:00. Monday, 1985, etc.): I've been waiting since 8:00.                             since 8:00                                  since 8:00 April lunchtime Monday 1977 I arrived  May 12 Christmas yesterday Kelly has been working h...

UNIT. 11  How long have you (been)...?  A  Study this example situation:  Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary.  They have been married for 20 years.  We say, They are married." (present)  but      How long have they been married? (present perfect) (not How long are they married?)  They have been married for 20 years. (not They are married for 20 years.)  We use the present perfect (especially with how long, for, and since) to talk about something that began in the past and still continues now. Compare the present and the present perfect.            We know each other very well.  but   We've known each other since we were in high school. (not We know)  Do you have a pain in your stomach? but      How long have you had the pain? (not How long do you have)  I'm learning English.b but I...

  Studying English grammar deeply involves a structured approach: 1. Foundational Knowledge: Start with basic grammar rules and parts of speech. Understand sentence structure, verb tenses, and common sentence patterns. 2. Grammar Guides:  Use reputable grammar guides or textbooks. They provide detailed explanations, examples, and exercises. Books like "The Elements of Style" or "Grammar in Use" are helpful. 3. Online Resources: Explore online platforms offering grammar lessons, quizzes, and interactive exercises. Websites like Grammarly, Purdue OWL, or Khan Academy provide valuable content. 4. Practice Regularly: Apply what you learn through consistent practice. Write sentences, essays, or short stories. Edit and revise your work to reinforce grammar concepts. 5. Read Widely:  Read diverse materials, including books, articles, and essays. Exposure to well-written content helps internalize correct grammar usage. 6. Join Language Communities: Engage with language lea...

 Certainly, let's delve deeper into each of the 12 basic rules of grammar: 1. Subject-Verb Agreement: This rule dictates that the subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. If the subject is singular, the verb should be singular, and if the subject is plural, the verb should be plural. For example, "The cat sleeps" (singular) vs. "The cats sleep" (plural). 2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement:  Pronouns must agree with their antecedents (the nouns they replace) in terms of gender and number. For instance, "He" (singular) replaces "John," while "They" (plural) replaces "the students." 3. Proper Use of Tenses: Tense indicates the time of an action. It's crucial to use the correct tense consistently throughout a sentence or paragraph. For example, "She is walking" (present continuous) vs. "She walked" (past simple). 4. Correct Sentence Structure: Proper sentence structure ensures clarity and cohe...

  A It has been raining. Study this example situation:  Is it raining?No, but the ground is wet. It has been raining.  Have/has been -ing is the present perfect continuous:  I/we/they/you have (= I've, etc.)   beern doing he/she/it has.             (= he's, etc.)       waiting                                                             playing, etc. We use the present perfect continuous see for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now:  You're out of breath. Have you been running? (You're out of breath now.) J ason is very tired. He's been working very hard. (He's tired now.)  Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?  I've been talking to Amanda about the problem, and she agrees w...

  A  Study this example conversation:  Dave: Haye you traveled a lot, Jane?  Jane: Yes, I've been to lots of places. Dave: Really? Have you ever been to China? Jane's: Yes, I've been to China twice. (a period until now) Dave: What about India? Jane: No, I haven't been to India.      When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been / have traveled, etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the  places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period that continues until now).  Some more examples:  Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your      life) We've never had a car.  "Have you read Hamlet?" «No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays."  Susan really loves that movie. She's seen it eight times!  What a boring movie! It's the most boring movie I've ever seen. been (to) = visited:  I've never been to China. Have you been there?  ...

 A  Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.  He has lost his key. (= He lost it and he still doesn't have it.)  Have/has lost is the present perfect (simple):  I/we/they/you have(= I've, etc.) finished he/she/it has (= he's, etc.) lost  done, etc. The present perfect is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in-ed (finished/decided, etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (lost/done/been/written, etc.).                                                                                   B When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now:  He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (I can't remember it now.)  "Is Kimberly here?» "No,...